Peri is a medical prefix that means “around”. Peri is the surrounding area. Peritonsillar means around the tonsils.

When the tonsils are infected, there are many activities of daily living that can be altered. Eating may be difficult due to pain in the throat. There can be drooling of saliva from painful swallowing.

Peritonsillar abscess is a kind of infection of the tonsils and we will discuss lots about this as you read along.

What is the function of the tonsils?

The tonsils are located on both sides of the uvula (the hanging tissue at the back of the throat area).  The uvula can be seen at the back of the mouth, above the opening of the throat.

When there is an infection, the tonsils become red and swollen.  The blood tests will reveal an increase in the lymphocytes.

The role of the tonsils is to trap bacteria and other microorganisms from the mouth and nose or the oral passageway.

The tonsils prevent the infection from reaching the lungs and the stomach. They are also responsible for releasing lymphocytes that attack the microorganisms that cause illness.

What cause Peritonsillar Abscess?

An abscess is a collection of pus in an infected space that can spread to nearby areas. Abscess forms due to infection.

The tonsils are surrounded by capsules that contain blood passageways like veins and nerves. This is the area where the abscess accumulates.

• Microorganisms – cause infection and result to a pus-filled capsule in the tonsils. One or more microorganisms can cause this.
• Underlying infection – when there is already an infection, peritonsillar abscess can occur. It can start from a minor sore throat (tonsillitis), then progress into an abscess. Another cause can also be an infection in the glands that produce saliva.
• Low immune system – people who are immunocompromised (with low immunity) can be affected like those with Diabetes, Lupus and those who are undergoing chemotherapy.
• Smoking – contains harmful chemicals that irritate the gums and throat. Can cause sore throat and can then worsen into a peritonsillar abscess.
• Foreign bodies – fish bone and other small objects can cause inflammation.
• Poor oral health – damaged teeth due to cavities or braces and infection on the gums (like gum abscess).

What are the signs and symptoms

• Mild to severe pain in the throat and/or ears
• Pain when swallowing or moving mouth – resulting to a decreased appetite
• Neck – painful neck area and swollen lymph nodes
• Redness in the peritonsillar area due to infection
• Hoarseness of voice – due to irritated throat
• Fever and headache– may indicate severe infection
• Increased saliva production – caused by inability to swallow or pain when swallowing
• Coughing – due to the infection and irritation in the throat. There can also be an evident phlegm production.
• Exudates or pus oozing out of the tonsils

How is the Problem Diagnosed?

There are many diagnostic tests that can be ordered to confirm peritonsillar abscess. However, it can be diagnosed from physical exam and documentation of medical history.

Assessment of the mouth, neck and throat is performed to a person with suspected Peritonsillar Abscess. The lymph nodes of the neck are palpated. The teeth and gums are examined to check for any damages and for any signs of gum abscess. The mouth is also assessed for any small objects lodging in that area.

Vital signs like blood pressure, pulse and breathing are recorded. The temperature is monitored also for any fever that may be a sign of severe infection. The breathing pattern is also noted, as this may be altered when there is a severe swelling of the throat that can block the airways.

History taking is another important basis for diagnosing Peritonsillar Abscess. Diet and lifestyle play a bigger role in contributing to this infection. Smoking history is documented in the medical form.

The diagnostic tests that can be performed are the following:

• Complete Blood Count – White Blood Cells (WBC) are noted for increase that may indicate the severity of infection.
• Blood culture – performed when the peritonsillar abscess is suspected to be systemic (has spread in the whole body).
• Head and neck CT scan – CT scan or Computed Tomography is an imaging test that uses a contrast dye to assess for any blockage or fluid accumulation. CT scan of the head and neck will determine the size and exact location of the pus. This serves as a guide if an aspiration of the abscess is indicated.

Peritonsillar Abscess Treatment

Lifestyle modification and strengthening of the immune system are both ways in treating peritonsillar abscess. These are the interventions we can do at home. Doctors may combine these ways with medications. Surgery may be done on a case to case basis.

• Antibiotics – prescribed when there is an infection. This can be seen as redness and swelling of the tonsils. It can also be seen in the blood tests, like a high White Blood Cell count.
• Antipyretic – medication given to normalize the temperature. Antipyretics have the ability to reduce pain. However, a separate pain killer may be given.
• Aspiration – a technique performed by aspirating the pus from the tonsils using a needle attached to a syringe.
• Incision and drainage – a minor surgery where a local anesthesia is injected around the tonsils to make the area numb. Then a small incision is created in the area encapsulating the pus. This can be drained using a syringe or a suction tube.
• Tonsillectomy – another form of surgery indicated for those who have frequent sore throat, throat and mouth infections and also those with frequent peritonsillar abscess. Unlike aspiration, incision and drainage, tonsillectomy is performed in the operating room under general anesthesia. Tonsillectomy is the removal of the tonsils that takes about 30 minutes or less.

Take your medications on time and make sure you do not miss them. Do not increase the dose on your own.

Perform daily oral hygiene and visit your dentist once every 3 months to maintain the health of your teeth and gums.

Drinking sufficient fluids in a day will prevent sore throat. Smoking cessation is another means of preventing peritonsillar abscess.

Suffering From A Peritonsillar Abscess? is a post from:Abscesses.org

What is A Tubo-ovarian Abscess?

Tubo-ovarian abscess is the accumulation of pus in the anatomic space and in this case, the fallopian tubes and/or ovaries. It is also one of the causes that contribute to female infertility.

It is a form of PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) that is caused by many factors, and one of the most common causes is the sexually transmitted disease.

What causes It?

It is important to determine the causes of tubo-ovarian abscess, so the right treatment can be done, including its appropriate preventive measures.

The cause of Tubo-Ovarian Abscess is multifactorial. The following causes vary from one person to the other:

• Microorganisms – one or more microorganisms can cause abscess formation and can spread in the lower genital tract and into the fallopian tubes and/or ovaries. One of the most common microorganisms causing tubo-ovarian abscess is Actinomyces Israelli.
• STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease) – caused by poor sexual practices and multiple partners
• Douching – can lower the pH or acidity of the vagina that can help in fighting infection and other microorganisms.
• IUD (Intrauterine Device) – a form of contraceptive that is secured in the uterus.
• Complication from surgery – 2 – 3 weeks pelvic or genital surgery, a complication may arise.

Signs and Symptoms

• Vaginal discharge – can cause itchiness and irritation in the vaginal opening and can be foul-smelling.
• Bleeding – bleeding may be more than the usual amount of blood during menstruation. Dysmenorrhea or pain in the abdomen during menstruation can be much severe prior to the development of tubo-ovarian abscess. Menstrual cycle may also be altered, resulting to delayed menses. There can also be bleeding even though it is not the menstrual date.
• Pain – acute or chronic pain may be felt in the lower abdomen that can radiate to the back. Pelvic pain may also be present or may be on both or either sides of the fallopian tubes or ovaries.
• Fever and chills – temperature can rise due to the underlying illness. This can indicate severe infection.
• Urinary tract infection – can be from the vaginal discharge. Urination may be frequent, painful and may have a burning sensation.  

How is the infection diagnosed?

Thorough physical exam is also performed to women with tubo-ovarian abscess. This includes an internal exam to assess the vagina for any growth or mass. A vaginal speculum may also be inserted to get a clear view of the cervix.

Apart from physical examination, diagnostic tests will also be performed. Due to today’s technology, we are able to discover illnesses and their exact location in the body. The damage or severity they have created can also be seen. Because of these diagnostic tests, an illness like tubo-ovarian abscess is prevented from worsening and affecting other nearby areas.

• Pap smear – done while the vaginal opening is retracted using a speculum, then a specimen (vaginal smear) is obtained using a sterile applicator. This is sent to laboratory to be assessed under the microscope to check for any infection and microorganisms present.
• Ultrasound – may be done as a pelvic ultrasound, or a transvaginal ultrasound. This will provide the image of the reproductive organs like the uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes and ovaries. The sizes of these organs will also be determined. Growths and other masses will be located as well.
• CT (Computed Tomography) scan – another kind of imaging test that provides a cross-sectional photograph of the organs. This test will detect any growth and blockage.
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) – also a kind of a test that provides images of the body. The structures and other anatomical features of the body organs will be seen in MRI.

The patient’s medical history will be documented like her sexual practices. The partner may also be assessed. Any presence of IUD will be investigated. IUD is Intrauterine Device, a form of contraceptive that can be a cause of irritation in the uterus and the nearby organs.

What is the Treatment for Tubo-ovarian Abscess?

The usual treatment for tubo-ovarian abscess is oral antibiotics that last for 10 – 12 weeks. However, if there was no progress noted, then some interventions will be performed:

• Ultrasound-guided or CT scan-guided drainage – through the result of the ultrasound, a syringe with appropriate needle size will be inserted in the affected area to drain out the entire abscess.
• Incision and drainage – done under general anesthesia, wherein there is a small incision is made in the pelvic region right above the affected fallopian tube and/or ovary. This may be done in a conventional manner or through laparoscopic procedure (with the aid of small tubes with camera and will enter the incision created).  A syringe will be used to drain the abscess or through the use of a suction tube. The abscess will be sent to the laboratory to determine the kinds of microorganisms present in it.
• Salphingo–oophorectomy – surgical removal of the affected fallopian tubes and ovaries.

How is it Prevented?

There are many preventive measures we can do to avoid acquiring tubo-ovarian abscess. One is by regularly visiting your Obstetrician. During the visit, the routine tests will be done such internal exam and pap smear.

The doctor may even prescribe a vaccine for you to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and other reproductive diseases such as cervical cancer.

Immediate action must be done right away once tubo-ovarian is discovered, to prevent it from rupturing and causing complications.

Taking care of ourselves will not only prevent tubo-ovarian abscess, but also other illnesses, and it all starts with awareness. Therefore, health education plays a big role in preventing us from contracting diseases. This includes contraceptives and safe sexual practices.

What Causes and How to Treat A Tubo-ovarian Abscess is a post from:Abscesses.org

Search is a post from:Abscesses.org

What are boils?

Boils are the infection of a hair follicle, which we all have in our skin. Boils are also called furuncles and they can vary in size and number. They are painful, reddish and usually found in moist, oily and sweaty areas like the armpits, buttocks and the groin area.

But what causes the problem? Let’s take a look at the causative factors. Knowing what is bringing on the problem is of great use in clearing it up!

See more on boils in this video:

A small boil on a shin

Common examples of what causes boils

• Microorganisms – boils are usually caused by Staphylococcus. It is a group of bacteria that looks like a cluster of grapes. Of its many kinds, the two common causes are the Staphylococcus Aureus and Staphylococcus Albus. These two are both found in the human body under normal levels, but once they get out of control, they can cause infection.
• Low immunity – the body will have decreased protection from diseases due to an underlying medical condition, or due to a medication side effect. Diseases like diabetes lowers the immune system and makes affected people prone to getting boils. Cancer is another disease that increases the susceptibility to acquiring the problem. There are a variety of drugs that lower our immune resistance also.
• Physical hygiene – neglect of hygienic practice makes one at risk for skin infections. Usage of greasy and oily products can block pores and infect the hair follicles.  In addition, ingrown hair can also block the pores.
• Poor diet – improper choice of food such as junk food, fast food and those that high in salt and cholesterol puts the person at risk. Obese people are also at a higher risk due to the imbalance in their hormones and metabolism.
• Environmental factors – dirty environment (like slums, dump site), crowded areas (like evacuation centers or refugee huts) are examples of what causes boils development.
• Break in the skin – skin is our first line of defense against microorganisms. Once there is a break, these microorganisms can enter and infect our body. Foreign objects (such as small wood pieces, staple wire) can also lodge in the skin, causing infections to erupt.
• Weather – hot temperatures or the summer season puts people at risk of furuncles. Sweat production are higher during these times and oil glands can get blocked and develop the problem.
• Tight clothing – rubs on skin and does not let the skin breathe.
• Skin disorders – psoriasis, eczema, dermatitis and acne will put affected people at  a higher risk .
• Chemicals – strong chemicals like bleach, muriatic acid, insecticides and disinfectants all have harmful side effects to the skin. The pores of the skin can get irritated and therefore, boils can erupt.
• Insects – many kinds of insects can cause boils. One example is the Putzi Fly from Eastern Africa. They lay their eggs in clothing and when it gets in contact with the skin, their eggs will hatch! In time, there will be maggots that are lodging under the skin, causing infection. Travelling in the jungle or tropical areas is also another factor for the development of boils.

Recognise any of these causes of boils? Do all you can to eradicate them and your condition should improve.

For more advice see our page on boils treatment.

What Causes Boils? is a post from:Abscesses.org

What is a Psoas Abscess?

“Psoas” is a short word for Iliopsoas, a muscle that is located at the lower spine area up to the hip region (groin). The psoas muscle is responsible for moving and flexing the thighs and trunk muscles. Just like any other muscle, the psoas can be affected by infections. Psoas abscesses are, however, a rare condition. The abscess is enclosed in a capsule where there is a collection of pus, mucus, fluids and microorganisms that is causing it.  

What causes psoas abscess to form? - The usual suspect for this infection is the Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria. 80% of these conditions are caused by this bug (including skin diseases and boils). The other organism that can cause the problem is the Serratia Marcescens (usually from a hospital-acquired infection).  

What are the signs and symptoms of a Psoas Abscess?

The location of the psoas muscle is from the lower spine down to the hips. And there will be an expected pain over these areas like the:

• Abdomen
• Groin
• Lower back
• Pelvic region (hips)

Apart from pain, here are other possible symptoms:

• Fever – elevation in body temperature due to infection
• Bladder problems – frequency in urination or there is a sensation of urgency
• Changes in gait or mobility – the muscles are weakened and therefore there will be changes in balance and walking.

How is a Psoas Abscess Diagnosed?

Diagnostic tests are responsible for detecting the causative organism for psoas abscess like the following:

• Complete Blood Count (CBC) – to check for the levels of red blood cells (to determine signs of anemia). CBC is also to check for the amount of White Blood Cells. Elevation of this above normal is a sign of infection.
• Blood culture – to detect if the microorganisms have spread in the entire body (causing systemic infection).
• Ultrasound of the abdomen – an imaging test to assess for any growths and their measurements.
• Computerized Tomography of the abdomen – to detect the size and exact location of the abscess (by providing vertical and horizontal slices of the abdomen).

What are the medical treatments for Psoas Abscess?

Medications which are prescribed to a person with psoas abscess may include:

• Antibiotics – to kill the microorganisms causing it.
• Antipyretic – for fever, to normalize body temperature.
• Pain killers – for relief and pain reduction.

The infection can be surgically removed via the following procedures:

• Abscess drainage by securing draining tubes in place.
• Surgical debridement – procedure done to remove bacteria in the psoas muscle by incising them and by removing some of the muscle tissues affected. Surgical debridement of is done to eradicate the bacterial infestation and to disinfect the affected area, preventing its spread to nearby tissues or organs.

Physical therapy and rehabilitation – is another treatment option for patients whose gait and mobility are affected. This is to restore the normal movement and functioning of the lower limbs.  

Recovery from a psoas abscess is good, most especially when diagnosis and treatment are provided early.

Read more on abscess treatment here.

Psoas Abscess – Quick Advice is a post from:Abscesses.org

This article will focus on the problem of a liver abscess. But before we look at what can go wrong, let’s see what the main functions of the liver are:

What is the role of the liver in our body?

The liver is the largest gland of our body. It makes up 2.5% of our body weight. The location of this organ is at the upper right quadrant of the abdomen. This is close to the right lung, which is just below our diaphragm (breathing muscle under the ribs).

The liver’s function is to cleanse our system, detoxify and eliminate toxins. The organ is very rich in veins that supplies blood and oxygen to it. Any blockage in any of the blood passages will cause liver enlargement and malfunction. It aids in digesting and absorbing nutrients. In addition, the liver is also responsible for our body’s metabolism. It regulates the sugar levels in our blood. So the liver does a lot!!!

Like other organs, the liver can also be affected by infection. An abscess is a kind of localized infection (only a small area is initially affected) wherein there is a formation of pus and other harmful substances enclosed in a capsule. However, it can spread to nearby organs causing a much more serious inflammation.

What causes an abscess in the liver?

In a liver abscess, the infective capsule contains pus and other substances like blood, fluids and the causative micro-organisms. The other factors contributing to the formation of liver abscess are:

The blue swelling is an amebic liver absess

• Blockage – any obstruction in the veins or in the passageway of bile (fluid produced by the liver to digest fats) can cause liver abscess. In addition, presence of stones or kinking (of veins) will narrow the passageways, causing malfunction. Trauma may cause blockage.
• Organisms – bacteria passing through the veins, affecting the organ. Bacterial infection causes pyogenic liver abscess, the most common form. Another harmful organism is the amoeba (amebic abscess), causing not only infection, but other liver problems (such as poor digestion) as well. Fungal infection is a third type.
• Existing medical conditions – cancer, diabetes, liver cysts and diverticulitis (disease of the large intestine where there are pouches). Infections in nearby areas. These medical illnesses weaken the immune system and thus the protection is low.

Signs of this problem

The signs and symptoms of liver abscess include:

• Pain– usually present in the upper right section of the abdomen (where the liver is located), and right shoulder pain can also be noted.
  

  Pain is a common symptom of a liver abscess
• Liver enlargement – is assessed through palpating and observing the abdomen. Tenderness is noted. An increase in abdominal girth is indicative of enlargement. Sensation of heaviness or fullness is noted. When the liver is enlarged, it can press on the lung (specifically the right lung). Breathing may be difficult and right pleural effusion (accumulation of fluids in the lungs) may occur.
• Weight loss – due to pain and other discomfort brought about by the infection, the appetite is affected. Nausea and vomiting may be present. With this, the electrolytes and nutrients from the food we eat are lost.
• Fever – an elevation in body temperature (above 98.6 °F or 37°C) is noted due to the infection present. Due to fever and altered body functioning, diaphoresis (excessive sweating) may occur.
• Other signs include clay-colored stool, dark urine and jaundice.

Diagnostic tests

A liver abscess is internal, therefore, diagnostic tests are needed for confirmation of the exact problem:

• Liver scan – An allergy test is performed first prior to the procedure. Once allergy is not known, a needle is inserted directly to the liver to administer a radioactive substance that helps in viewing of the entire liver. This is another kind of imaging test, determining the size, shape, presentation and morphology (how the organ looks like). Any growths or enlargement is noted. This scan also checks for the function of the liver.
• Ultrasound – provides an image of the region to determine growths and assess if there are any changes.
• CT(Computer Tomography) scan of the area – a kind of imaging test, wherein it prints out horizontal and vertical slices of the organ. This locates the specific area of the liver where the abscess can be found.
  

  Bacterial cultures may be needed in diagnosis of liver abscess

• Arteriography – a dye (substance) is injected to aid in viewing of the veins and arteries of the liver. This is to check how the blood flows in the blood channels. In addition, any blockage (such as stones, blood clots) or any twists in the veins or arteries are detected.
• Blood tests – noting for the liver enzyme levels, and bilirubin (high levels mean obstruction). Blood tests are ordered by the doctor to check for the deviancy from the normal range. This is also to check your liver function.
• Blood culture – a kind of blood test, specifically designed to determine the causative organism of the infection. Blood culture aids the physician in prescribing medications to the patient. This test determines the medicines that the organism is sensitive to.

Apart from these tests, physical examination is performed by the physician by assessing the vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, breathing, pulse rate and pain levels). In addition, body weight and abdominal circumference are documented. Assessment is very important, in order to determine any deviances from the normal values.

Home Care Tips

Upon confirmation of the liver abscess, this is what we can do at home to alleviate us from pain and other discomfort:

• Exercise – movement will promote good blood circulation as well as prevent lung complications. Coughing and deep breathing exercises also help. This will aid in lung expansion.
• Increase fluid intake – to prevent dehydration (vomiting will result in electrolyte loss and this is one way to replace it).
• Skin care – fever and excessive sweating are noted with severe infections. Therefore, skin care is a must to keep our first line of defense intact. Change clothes frequently and perform sponge bath to lower down temperature.
• Hygiene – practice good hygiene by washing hands frequently, especially after bathroom use to prevent spread of disease.

Medical Treatment of Liver Abscess:

• Percutaneous drainage– a small needle is inserted in the area where the abscess can be drained. This is with the aid of one of the imaging tests mentioned above. When a wire is placed as a guide, a needle with syringe will be inserted in the area with the wire to obtain the pus from the liver. This drainage is the non-invasive form of pus removal.
  

  Syringe for needle aspiration in abscess drainage

• Surgical drainage of large abscesses – usually done under general anesthesia. A mask is secured in the facial area to release sedating gas, putting the patient to sleep. An incision will be made and the pus is removed carefully, avoiding the pus-filled capsule from rupturing.
• Antibiotic treatment – to specifically target micro-organisms that caused the infection. During the first treatment, the doctor may administer medications through the vein for faster effect. Through the course of the treatment, oral antibiotics in capsule or tablet form will be prescribed.

The problem of liver abscess is one that is preventable. However, when we acquire it, there are effective treatments available. Early diagnosis and treatment result in faster recovery and reduced mortality rate. So seek early help if you have any concerns.

Liver Abscess Help And Advice is a post from:Abscesses.org

Before we look at the problem of a lung abscess, it might be useful to look at the function of this organ. It will help us understand why we need healhty lungs and what can happen if they get diseased!

What is the function of the lungs?

Our lungs are responsible for taking in the oxygen needed to keep us going. It is essential for normal body functioning. Another role is to remove carbon dioxide (waste product) out of our body, which is harmful if builds up. So we need healthy lungs!

The lungs protect us from harmful substances by filtering dusts, dirt and small organisms. This is by means of coughing or sneezing. However, even though lungs have filters they can still be inflicted with disease…

What is a lung abscess?

A lung abscess is an infection of the tissues of the lungs, a localized collection of pus. The result of this infection is tissue death of the affected area. The problem can also be acquired as a secondary complication of other diseases (such as cancer and other lung problems).

Lung Abscess Causes

The causes of this infection include the following:

• Infection – often caused by Pseudomonas (bacteria that attacks major organs like lungs and kidneys) and Aspergillus (fungi that causes difficulty of breathing).
• Underlying medical condition – cancer, pneumonia, other lung problems and gum abscess will decrease our body’s protection from harmful organisms.
• Smokers are much more prone to infection.
• Foreign bodies lodged in the lungs may become a focus on infection. e.g. a small piece of inhaled food.

Symptoms that may occur

Usually, when the lung is affected, the common symptom noted is problems with the breathing process. Here are the common signs and symptoms of lung abscess:

Symptoms may include shortness of breath, coughing and sneezing

• Breathing – breathlessness, frequent panting and difficulty of breathing is noted. Phlegm production and coughing are evident. The breath sounds are decreased. However, crackles are heard upon exhalation.
• Fever – due to infection, the body temperature is elevated.
• Weight loss – appetite will be suppressed due to the infection.

Precise diagnosis

Most lung problems present with very similar signs and symptoms. And to not mistake a lung abscess from something else, diagnostic procedures are ordered by the physician:

• Blood tests – Complete Blood Count (CBC) is obtained to check for the levels of WBC (White Blood Cells). Elevation from normal means infection. Another blood test is the culture. This is to determine the microorganism that is causing the infection.
• Sputum GSCS (Gram Stain, Culture and Sensitivity) – the sputum is checked for microorganisms present. These microorganisms are tested on what medicines it is sensitive too. This is an important procedure done to aid the doctor in prescribing the correct anitbiotic.
• Ultrasonography of the lungs – an imaging test to look for signs of fluid accumulation and its severity in the lungs.
• CT (Computerized Tomography) scan – provides a detailed image of the lungs. Vertical and horizontal slices of the lungs. Therefore, any growths in the lungs can be located immediately. X-rays may be used if CT is not available.

Lung Abscess Treatment

Home remedies for lung infection will include:

Smoking needs to be cut out to prevent lung abscess recurring

• Bad habits like smoking must be stopped right away.
• Protect yourself by wearing face mask when going out of the house. This is to filter dust, dirt and other small substances that can irritate your lungs.
• Sleep with 2 pillows on the back to elevate your head. This way, breathing while lying down is more comfortable.
• Practice deep breathing exercises for better lung expansion.

Here is a list of the medical treatment for patients afflicted with lung abscess:

• Antibiotics – the course of antibiotic therapy usually lasts for 4 to 6 weeks. Different antibiotics are prescribed for different patients. The medication kind, dosage and frequency depend on the result of the blood culture and sputum culture and sensitivity.
• Surgical resection – infection like this in the lungs will cause death of the tissue. This dead tissue is surgically removed. When the antibiotics treatments are ineffective, surgical resection is the last treatment option.

The length of treatment varies from one person to the other. A combination of remedies is individualized to suit specific needs for each patient. Lung abscess is a potentially fatal condition, but with early detection and cure, complications are rarer and recovery is faster. If you have any lung problems such as difficulty breathing, do seek help early from your doctor.

A Look At Lung Abscess is a post from:Abscesses.org

What is a brain abscess?

An abscess is a collection of pus, organisms and other substances that infects an organ. There are two kinds, the external (e.g. on the skin) and internal (deeper within the body). Internal infections are more challenging to cure and diagnose since they cannot be seen by the naked eye.

Internal can mean the liver, kidneys, and even the brain. A brain abscess is the most potentially dangerous of all such infections. When treatment is delayed, recovery is prolonged and complications are more like to occur. So if you have any worries after reading this article, seek immediate medical help.

A severe headache is one of the main brain abscess symptoms

What causes brain abscesses to form?

This problem can develop due to any of the following reasons:

• Infection – caused by organisms like fungi, viruses and bacteria. An infection can start in the nose (such as sinusitis) or the mouth (e.g. a gum infection), and then spread in the ear and into the brain. However, infections in further afield organs (like a lung) can also reach the brain. People with low immune systems due to disease or drug therapy are more at risk.
• Apart from organisms directly, a foreign body can also cause infection. Staple clips, small wires and other objects can cause irritation. This is because the materials in these items are not recognized by our body, which starts a response to try to eradicate them.
• Direct trauma – vehicular-related accidents, a fall, a hard blow to the skull are all forms of trauma. If the skull is compromised, the brain tissues are exposed. Microorganisms can enter the crack and cause infection.

How to spot a potential abscess on the brain?

The signs and symptoms of this disease include the following:

• Headache – there is a sensation of heaviness or increased pressure in the brain. A headache can lead on to other signs, including nausea, drowsiness and vomiting.
• Due to this infection, the function of the brain is altered. Fever and changes in mood might be observed (such as irritability, forgetfulness, confusion, lack of focus). Seizures can happen at any time (increased chance of happening during overwhelming situations).
• Stiffness of the neck can happen, including limitations in range of motion.

Diagnosis

The signs and symptoms of an abscess can mimic other brain conditions. Diagnostic tests are performed in order to cross out other such problems. These tests will greatly aid the physician in his medications and interventions:

• CT (Computerized Tomography) scan – provides a detailed morphology (look) of the brain. Any growths are detected, including number, size and location. CT scan prints out horizontal and vertical slices of the brain, specifically targeting the area where any infections are.
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) – to assess the structure of the brain. Can also be done in order to place guide wires in the area (acts a guide for drainage or aspiration).
• EEG (Electroencephalogram) – electrode patches are attached to the head to record the brain’s activity.
• Blood tests – CBC (complete blood count) is performed to check for the WBC (white blood cells) levels. Elevation above normal range means infection. Blood culture and sensitivity are done to determine the causative organism. Once detected, a sensitivity test will be done to know what medicines it reacts to.
• Lumbar tap – the patient will be asked to lie on the side in a fetal position. The doctor will obtain a lumbar fluid (lower spinal area). This fluid is sent to the laboratory for analysis. This is to check for the consistency, and presence of microorganisms in the lumbar fluid.

Brain Abscess Treatment

Medical treatment for such infections will include some of the folllowing:

Brain abscesses may require surgery under general anesthetic

• Antibiotic therapy – duration usually lasts for 4 to 6 weeks. At the beginning of the treatment course, intravenous antibiotics (medications given through the veins) may be administered. This is to kill the microorganisms and to stop their growth and multiplication. Antibiotics vary in kinds, dosage and length of therapy. This depends on the cause, patient’s condition and severity.
• Aspiration or drainage – through MRI, a guide wire can be placed in the area for aspiration.
• Surgical excision or craniotomy – done in the operating room under general anesthesia (the patient is asleep during the surgery). A hole is created in the skull, and the fluid is aspirated. Afterwards, a complete excision is done (the infection is surgically removed to totally eradicate it).

A brain abscess is a potentially life-threatening condition. Therefore, seeking emergency medical treatment is essential if you have any of the above symptoms. Brain abscesses are manageable if got to early enough. But the longer one is neglected, the higher the risk of brain damage and death.

Brain Abscess – A Dangerous Infection is a post from:Abscesses.org

Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a severe chronic condition of the skin and an inflammation of sweat glands. This is characterized by formation of acne due to the blockage of pores and sweat glands. This blockage will eventually develop blackheads and pus inside. It occurs in the oil glands and hair follicles found underneath the skin.

Hidradenitis suppurativa in the armpit region. Showing active infection, scarring and skin discoloration.

The common body parts affected are those locations where the skin rubs against each other frequently. These parts include the groin, armpits, anus, buttocks, breasts and perineum.

It is more common amongst women and those of black race.

What Causes HS?

The causative/aggravating factors of Hidradenitis Suppurativa are many, and include the following:

Smoking can aggravate Hidradenitis Suppurativa

• Genetics – our parents’ genes contribute hugely to our make-up. We can inherit large pores, oily skin, hair follicle defect, sweat glands and hormonal disorders. ALl of these factors then can contribute to developing HS.
• Hormones – There is also a marked surge in sex hormones during certain ages such as puberty. Such hormonal changes can affect HS.
• Diet – a diet high in fat and salt are one of the main aggravators of Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Deep fried foods are one of them, sweets (chocolates, soda) and chips. Obesity and lack of exercise are also some of the factors that exacerbate the problem.
• Weak immune system – may be due to a disease (Diabetes, Tuberculosis and Cancer) or may be a side effect of medications and treatments (such as radiation treatment and chemotherapy).
• Lifestyle – plays a large role in our health. Use of drugs, alcohol and cigarettes will provide toxins in the body, making the body exert extra effort to eliminate them. And due to high levels of toxins in the blood, there will be a time that these toxins will accumulate and block the pores and sweat glands leading to a bad looking skin.

More on the problem in this video:

Signs and Symptoms of HS:

Here is a list of the signs and symptoms of Hidradenitis Suppurativa:

• Presence of lumps – due to infection, the skin cells react to it and result to swelling. Fever may also be present.
• Reddish-yellowish in color – due to infection, there is a noticeable redness on the site and it can be yellowish in color in the center due to the accumulation of pus under the skin. The pus is made up of dead skin cells, dead tissues, bacteria, and blood. Pus can rupture and ooze out.
• Pain – Hidradenitis Suppurativa is very painful that it can interfere with our activities of daily living. Fatigue, anxiety, increased stress levels and restlessness may be observed after a few days due to constant pain.
• Presence of other skin conditions/acne– oily skin, pimples, blackheads and other skin problems (such as fungal infections) may occur.

Possible Complications

In every disease, there are complications that may go along with it. In Hidradenitis Suppurativa, these may include the following:

• Localized infection (an infection that is in a small area) can spread to surrounding tissues and nearby organs. This can also create a systemic body infection (an infection that spread all throughout the body). In addition, severe infection that spreads in a certain body part rapidly (such as in the case of Cellulitis) may occur as a complication of Hidradenitis suppurativa.
• Formation of scars and skin discoloration – deep marks and dark spots may be left in the skin due to the damaged skin cells from Hidradenitis suppurativa.

Diagnosis of the Condition

To diagnose Hidradenitis Suppurativa, diagnostic tests must be performed such as:

Bacterial cultures may be needed in diagnosis of HS

• CBC (Complete Blood Count) – to assess for the overall health of the blood, and to determine the levels of WBC (white blood cells). An elevation above normal range of WBC indicates infection.
• Blood Culture – to identify the micro-organisms causing Hidradenitis Suppurativa. This will aid in determining what kind of antibiotic to use to specifically target this bacteria.
• Culture of the pus / discharge – to determine its make-up, and what kind of micro-organisms caused it.

Home Care for Hidradenitis Suppurativa

The exact advice depends on your circumstances and what is causing/aggravating your condition. But advice may include some of the following:

• Healthy diet and weight loss – cut down on the salt, fat and sugar by basing your meals with the “Food Pyramid”. Losing weight will reduce the surface area of skin-folds.
• Exercise – promotes good blood circulation and increases body strength and metabolism. Exercise burns fat and helps one reach the ideal healthy weight.
• Warm compress – soothes, reduces pain, swelling and promotes good blood circulation in the area.
• Good hygienic practices – bathing daily (to stop possible secondary infection). Hair might be trimmed, shaved or waxed to prevent ingrown hair. Comfortable clothing and avoidance of hot clothes like spandex is recommended. Cotton underwear is preferred to let the skin breathe.
• Lifestyle modification – stop smoking, using drugs and abusing alcohol.

The above home remedies are tips are helpful and important. But medical intervention needs to be sought:

Hidradenitis Suppurativa Treatment

The pharmacological and surgical treatment options for HS include:

• Antibiotics – prescribed to stop the growth and multiplication of microorganisms.
• Pain killers and antipyretics – antipyretics are medicines for fever and usually, they reduce pain levels also.
• Vitamin A as a supplement.
• Local steroid injections.
• Mild soap – hypo-allergenic soaps are prescribed for relief of this skin condition.
• Scar treatment – may be laser scar removal, or creams and lotions.
• Needle aspiration – a sterile needle is inserted in the area to drain out the pus by means of aspiration.
• Incision and drainage – this is done in the operating room under local anesthesia (a numbing medicine is injected). An incision is made to remove the capsule containing pus.  The surrounding tissues and skin will be removed to allow new cells to heal and make new, healthy skin cells.

Unfortunately, nearly a quarter of patients have stated that nothing helps relieve their symptoms.

Hidradenitis Suppurativa Sympomatic Relief

• Maintain ideal body weight – to determine BMI (Body Mass Index is the indicator if you are normal, underweight or overweight). You may access BMI computation on the internet or with the aid of your nutritionist or health care provider.
• Clothing – tight clothes (such as corset) and warm clothes (leather, fur, and spandex) are hot for the skin, and will not let the skin breathe. Choose light clothing such as cotton clothes and underwear.
• Practice good hygiene – bathe daily and regularly change clothes. Remove make-up before going to bed and avoid use of greasy body products. Helps reduce risks of secondary infection.
• Diet – avoid fatty foods and eat nutritious foods based on the food pyramid.

If you need more help and support, this site may help.

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A General Introduction to Hidradenitis Suppurativa is a post from:Abscesses.org

An abdominal abscess is a collection of pus in the abdominal cavity. It can occur anywhere in the abdomen area (such as the stomach, liver, kidneys, or intestines). The problem is enclosed in a capsule that is made up of infected tissues. This is filled with pus (consists of dead skin cells, bacteria and blood).

Pain is a common symptom of an abdominal abscess

Abdominal Abscess Causes

Here is the list of causes of an abdominal abscess:

• Bacterial infection – Bacteria may be present in food that was ill-prepared, or may be acquired through other sources (such as poor living conditions, poor hygiene, and recent abdominal surgery).
• Rupture of appendix – When the appendix is becomes inflamed, it can enlarge and cause sharp pain to the lower right side of the abdomen. This can become infected too, and may lead to rupture. When the appendix ruptures, this can cause infection to the abdominal cavity, thus leading to an abdominal abscess.
• Stomach ulcers – When there is presence of ulcers, the integrity of the stomach wall is poor. This may lead to infection and eventually abscess development.

Abdominal Abscess Symptoms

Here is a run-through of some of the possible symptoms of the problem:

• Pain in the abdominal area, in particular in the part where the problem lies. The surrounding areas can also be painful.
• Due to infection, fever may be present.
• Sensation of fullness or a feeling of being bloated. The stomach can be gassy as well. When percussed (tapped), there is a sound like hitting a drum when the stomach is filled with air.
• Abdominal swelling and increased girth – the waist line will be increased due to the edema (swelling) brought about by infection.
• Fatigue – heaviness and pain felt in the abdomen may be exhausting to the affected individual.
• Due to the increased pressure in the abdominal cavity, this may result to nausea and vomiting.
• Poor peristaltic activity (intestinal movements) of the intestines – due to infection and presence of abdominal abscesses. This can cause constipation or diarrhea.
• Lack of appetite and weight loss – due to poor food intake, there will be decreased body mass.
• Bladder irritation – due to increased pressure and enlarged abdomen, this may press on the bladder causing bladder irritation. This can lead to symptoms such as frequent urinating and increased urge to urinate.

Diagnosis

To confirm a certain medical condition, diagnostic tests must be done to carefully evaluate the present illness. Diagnostic tests are performed to aid the physician in his/her treatment plans and interventions. The common tests for this problem may include:

• CT scan (Computerized Tomography) – this diagnostic test is done to assess the morphology (structure) of the abdomen and if there are any abnormal growths present. A CT scan provides 3Dimensional imagery of the internal organs. CT scans also provide cross-sectional images (horizontal and vertical slices) of organs, thus aiding the physician in identifying the specific location of any problems.
• Ultrasound of the whole abdomen – a test performed to check for growths and to assess for any defects in any of the organs.
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) – preferred for patients without metal implants. Before the procedure, all items with metal such as bra, belt, accessories (such as necklace, earrings) are removed. This is a confirmatory test for diagnosing abdominal abscess. MRI provides detailed structure of the abdomen.
• Stool exam / Stool Culture and Sensitivity – feces is submitted to the laboratory (preferably 0 – 30 minutes after defecating for test accuracy). This is done to assess the stool formation (watery – diarrhea, hard – constipated), and also to check for the condition of the digestive track.  This will aid the examiner determine the bacteria causing any abdominal abscess.

Abdominal Abscess Treatment

Abdominal abscess may be treated at home, with the aid of prescribed medicines (see below).

Home treatment practices for abdominal abscess:

• Warm compresses on the abdomen – to reduce pain, swelling and to promote good blood circulation in the area.
• Sufficient sleep and rest – provides comfort and reduces fatigue brought about by infections.
• Proper diet– based on the food pyramid (less in fat and salt, avoidance of alcohol, sodas and junk foods). Raw meat and vegetables must be washed properly to
  

  A healthy diet helps prevent abdominal abscesses

  prevent food poisoning. Cook meat well to avoid ingesting harmful organisms present in the meat and blood. Choose a diet that is high in fiber to prevent/ease constipation.

• Proper hygienic practices – wash hands regularly (such as before and after meals, after using the toilet) to avoid ingestion of harmful microorganisms present in our hands. Bathe daily and wear clothes that are not tight around the mid-section (such as corset, tight pants or belts) to reduce pressure.

Abdominal abscess treatments prescribed / ordered by the doctor:

• Medicines – antibiotics are prescribed to stop the spread of bacteria, halting their growth and multiplication. Thus reducing the possibility of spreading to the surrounding organs. Pain killers and anti-pyretic medicines (for fever) – usually, antipyretic medicines come with pain reducing effects as well. This is prescribed to normalize the body temperature. A separate pain killer may also be prescribed to alleviate the patient from the discomfort.
• Abscess drainage – when the abscess is near the surface, a needle aspiration procedure may be done. An MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) diagnostic test may be performed first to determine the exact location of the abscess. A wire may be inserted as a guide. See more on drainage here.
  

  Severe abdominal abscesses may require surgery under general anesthetic

• When abscess drainage and antibiotics are ineffective, surgery will be performed. This will be done in the Operating Room under general anesthesia. The abdomen may be incised to access the abscess and to remove the surrounding infected tissues.
• Laparoscopy – a kind of surgery done in the Operating room under general anesthesia. This is done by creating small punctures (usually 3 punctures with the size of 1cm or less in diameter) in the abdomen. Laparoscopy is less invasive than open surgery. A camera and light source is secured in place. This is attached to the monitor for the physician to see what is inside. The other holes are for the other instruments. These instruments are special tools used by the surgeon to remove the abscess. The instruments are long and have hand graspers / controllers in the end (a laparoscopic scissor looks like a scissor, but the scissor itself is at the very tip of the instrument, and to control it, a grasper is attached at the end). Everything that is done inside can be seen in the monitor. The procedure may also be recorded in a disk and the physician may go over it for review. Laparoscopic procedure is preferred for patients with Diabetes and other medical illnesses (such as cancer, etc.), due to its faster recovery time than open abdominal surgery.

Abdominal Abscess – A Guide For Patients is a post from:Abscesses.org